Serial-data links embed clocks in their data streams, and those clocks must be recovered at the receiver end. This Design Idea describes a data/clock-recovery algorithm for an NRZ (non-return-to-zero) ...

Artificial intelligence has given us algorithms capable of recognizing faces, diagnosing disease, and of course, crushing computer games. But even the smartest algorithms can sometimes behave in ...

At the core of reinforcement learning is the concept that the optimal behavior or action is reinforced by a positive reward. Similar to toddlers learning how to walk who adjust actions based on the ...

Lucas Downey is the co-founder of MoneyFlows, and an Investopedia Academy instructor. Somer G. Anderson is CPA, doctor of accounting, and an accounting and finance professor who has been working in ...